Introducing Geology the Essentials of Plate Tectonics, and Other Important Concepts
Geology uses the scientific method to explain natural aspects of the Earth - for example, how mountains form or why oil resources are concentrated in some rocks and not in others. This chapter briefly explains how and why Earth's surface, and its interior, are constantly changing. It relates this constant change to the major geological topics of the interaction of the atmosphere, water and rock, the modern theory of plate tectonics, and geologic time. These concepts form a framework for the rest of the book. Understanding the "big picture" presented here will aid you in comprehending the chapters that follow.
Multiple Choice Quiz
1
Which of the following is NOT a type of plate boundary?
Need a Hint?
A) transform
B) translational
C) divergent boundary
D) convergent boundary
2
In which scenario below would you be likely to hire a geologist to help better understand the situation?
Need a Hint?
A) A spacecraft uses radar to map the surface of a planet in our Solar System.
B) A volcano is erupting on a Pacific island.
C) A small community is worried about contamination of their water wells from an industrial waste site.
D) Geologists might be employed in all of these scenarios!
3
In which of the following is geological knowledge useful?
Need a Hint?
A) protecting the environment
B) avoiding geologic and other natural hazards
C) Supplying things we need.
D) All of these are areas where geological knowledge is useful!
4
What process caused the greatest number of fatalities during the 2004 Indonesian earthquake?
Need a Hint?
A) City sewer systems failed to cause epidemics of diseases like cholera and typhoid.
B) Fires erupted following the earthquake, trapping many people in burning buildings.
C) a tsunami along coastal areas of the Indian Ocean.
D) Great chasms opened in the Earth and swallowed people whole.
5
Earth's external heat engine is driven by what source of energy?
Need a Hint?
A) the Sun
B) coal
C) natural gas
D) petroleum
6
The most voluminous portion of the Earth is known to geologists as:
Need a Hint?
A) the lithosphere.
B) the mantle.
C) the core.
D) the crust.
7
The lithosphere is that portion of the Earth where rocks behave as:
Need a Hint?
A) rocks.
B) fluids.
C) plastic solids.
D) brittle solids.
8
Many divergent plate boundaries coincide with:
Need a Hint?
A) the Mid-Ocean Ridge.
B) the edges of the continents.
C) explosive volcanic eruptions.
D) transform faults.
9
At transform plate boundaries,
Need a Hint?
A) two plates are subducted beneath each other.
B) two plates move in opposite directions toward each other.
C) two plates move in opposite directions away from each other.
D) two plates slip horizontally past each other.
10
A typical rate of plate motion is:
Need a Hint?
A) 1,000 kilometers per year.
B) 1 kilometer per year.
C) 1 - 18 centimeters per year.
D) 3 - 4 centimeters per year.
11
The division of geology that is concerned with Earth materials, changes in the surface and interior of the Earth, and the dynamic forces that cause those changes is:
Need a Hint?
A) paleontology.
B) geophysics.
C) historical geology.
D) physical geology.
12
Which of the following are geologic hazards?
Need a Hint?
A) waves pounding on a coast
B) earthquakes
C) volcanoes
D) all of these are geologic hazards
13
Plate tectonics is:
Need a Hint?
A) the rawest of speculation.
B) a theory.
C) a conjecture.
D) an hypothesis.
14
Geologists have generally agreed that Earth is:
Need a Hint?
A) about 100 million years old.
B) about 4.55 billion years old.
C) about 6,000 years old.
D) as old as the hills and twice as dusty.
15
A subduction zone is most likely to be encountered:
Need a Hint?
A) at a translational plate boundary.
B) at a divergent plate boundary
C) at a transform plate boundary
D) at a convergent plate boundary.
16
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic are:
Need a Hint?
A) three types of plate boundaries.
B) three words composed of multiple syllables.
C) three words that I never heard before.
D) the three major classes of rocks.
17
What volcanic process or phenomenon was responsible for the greatest number of fatalities during the eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in 1985?
Need a Hint?
A) lava flows
B) impacts of large rocks hurled hundreds of meters
C) mudflows
D) pyroclastic flows
18
Which field of endeavor might employ a geologist?
Need a Hint?
A) oceanography
B) environmental science
C) petroleum industry
D) All of these fields employ geologists.
19
Volcanic island arcs are associated with:
Need a Hint?
A) transform boundaries
B) ocean-continent convergence
C) divergent boundaries
D) ocean-ocean convergence
20
Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of Earth's interior:
Need a Hint?
A) the magnetosphere
B) the lithosphere
C) the core
D) the mantle
KEY: A = 5.8.20
B = 1.6.13.14
C = 4.10.17
D = 2.3.7.9.11.12.15.16.18.19
True or False
Determine whether each of the statements below is true or false.
1
Humankind uses few materials that are ultimately derived from geological processes.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
2
A rudimentary knowledge of geological processes is of no use in your life.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
3
Geologists only care about extracting natural resources from the Earth.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
4
Geologists are employed in a broad spectrum of professional fields.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
5
Geologists understand how earthquakes are generated, but cannot predict when they will occur.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
6
Geologists understand how volcanoes erupt and can sometimes predict when they will erupt.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
7
All geologists are in favor of oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
8
Geologists are concerned with the conservation of natural resources.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
9
Among professionals in Biology, Physics, Chemistry, and Geology, geologists are the lowest paid.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
10
Earth's continents are constantly in motion.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
11
When geologists speak of the "lithosphere," they really mean "crust."
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
12
Earth's inner core is molten.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
13
Large damaging earthquakes may occur anywhere on Earth at any time without warning.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
14
Volcanic activity is common at divergent plate boundaries.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
15
Volcanic activity is common at convergent plate boundaries.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
16
Volcanic activity is common at transform plate boundaries.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
17
Earth has changed very little since its formation 4.5 billion years ago.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
18
Most geologists grow beards, wear hiking boots, blue jeans, and flannel shirts, and carry rock hammers.
Need a Hint?
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
19
The great Indonesian tsunami of 2004 was caused by a powerful storm at sea.
Need a Hint?
A) True
B) False
20
Earth's lithosphere is rigid and unchanging.
Need a Hint?
A) True
B) False
KEY: FFFTT TFTFT FFFTT FFFFF
   Internal Structure of Earth
Using the image above, choose the correct name for each of the regions of the Earth's internal structure. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Tectonic Plates of the World
Match the numbers on the figure above with the plate names on the right below.
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