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Martes, Setyembre 5, 2017
Disciplines in Geology
Crystallography: study of the chemistry and atomic arrangement of atoms in minerals
Earth System Science: study of the interaction of oceans, atmosphere, and the solid earth for the purpose of understanding past, present, and future environmental conditions
Economic Geology: genesis, location, and other aspects of economic materials; includes metallic, non-metallic (industrial rocks and minerals), and groundwater supplies (location and occurrence of subsurface water)
Environmental Geology: geological study of our natural environment; primarily concerned with depletion of natural resources, preservation of environmental quality, pollution problems, and natural hazards
Field Geology: collection, interpretation, and synthesis of geological data in the field (outside, in nature);
generally consists, at least in part, of making geologic maps
Forensic Geology: interpretation of geological evidence at crime scenes
Geoarcheology: geological interpretation of archeological sites
Geochemistry: study of chemical processes within, upon and above the earth
Geochronology: study of the timing of geologic events; usually involves absolute age determinations
Geoinformatics: utilization of computers and data retrieval storage equipment for simulation, analysis and
synthesis of geological data
Geomorphology: origin and description of land forms
Geomorphometry: the measurement of various rates of landscape-forming processes
Geophysics: “the study of the physics of the earth” - includes Seismology (study of earthquakes) and other
studies of physical properties
Hydrogeology: the study of subsurface waters (groundwater) and the related geologic aspects of surface
waters
Hydrology: study of the movement of water in and on the earth; flood hazard is a primary concern
Marine Geology: study of various aspects of the geology of the oceans and coastal areas
Mineralogy: study of crystal structure and chemistry, identification, classification and genesis of minerals
Optical Mineralogy: study of mineral properties through means of light transmitted through minerals; uses a
petrographic microscope
Paleontology: the study of ancient life (fossils) - includes, paleobotany (plants); vertebrate paleontology
(animals with backbones); invertebrate paleontology (animals without backbones); micropaleontology
(microscopic-sized fossils); and palynology (spores and pollen)
Petrography: description of mineralogy, texture, and structure of rocks
Petrology: study of rocks, including information on chemistry; classification; mineralogy, occurrence, shape
and structure of rock masses (petrography), and rock origins (Petrogenesis)
Planetology: study of the planets, including the origin of their rocks and development of planetary structures,
includes Lunar Geology, the geology of the moon
Photogeology: utilization of aerial photographs (and other indirect or remote sensing techniques) to
determine various aspects of geology. Term now largely replaced by Remote Sensing
Sedimentology: study of the environmental factors controlling the origin of sediments and sedimentary rocks;
development of depositional models
Stratigraphy: the study of layered (sedimentary) rocks, with emphasis on their relationships to each other with
respect to time and origin
Structural Geology: the origin of geological features produced by stresses within the earth’s crust (such as
folds and faults)
Tectonics: large-scale or world-wide aspects of structural geology; generally involves origin of mountain
ranges, ocean basins, continents, etc.
Quiz: https://goo.gl/forms/4HMZZ7PrEscWqIJu1
Miyerkules, Agosto 23, 2017
Physical Geology 10 | Chapter 3
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007252815x/information_center_view0/index.html
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007252815x/student_view0/index.html
http://highered.mheducation.com/novella/SITELIBDisplay.jsp?mode=SEM&catId=903
1 A surface separating different types of rocks is called:
A) a chill zone.
B) a xenolith.
This is the correct answer.
C) a contact.
D) none of the above
2 The major difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is:
A) the type of minerals they contain.
This is the correct answer.
B) where they solidify.
C) their chemical composition.
D) all of the above
3 Which is not an intrusive rock type?
This is the correct answer.
A) andesite
B) granite
C) diorite
D) gabbro
4 By definition, stocks differ from batholiths in:
A) elevation above sea-level.
B) chemical composition.
C) shape.
This is the correct answer.
D) size.
5 On average, the geothermal gradient is about:
A) 50 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
This is the correct answer.
B) 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
C) 10 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
D) 1 degree Celsius per kilometer.
6 Which of the following minerals is part of Bowen's Continuous Series?
This is the correct answer.
A) plagioclase.
B) amphibole.
C) biotite.
D) pyroxene.
7 Which of the following minerals is part of Bowen's Discontinuous Series?
A) olivine
B) biotite
C) pyroxene
This is the correct answer.
D) All of these are part of Bowen's Discontinuous Series.
8 The difference in texture between plutonic and volcanic rocks is caused by:
A) different chemical compositions.
B) different amounts of water in the magma.
This is the correct answer.
C) different rates of cooling and crystallization.
D) different mineralogy.
9 A change in magma composition due to melting of surrounding country rock is called:
A) differentiation.
B) crystal settling.
This is the correct answer.
C) assimilation.
D) magma mixing.
10 Andesite is most often associated with what type of plate boundary?
A) reversible plate boundaries
This is the correct answer.
B) convergent plate boundaries
C) transform plate boundaries
D) divergent plate boundaries
11 You discover a rock with minerals large enough to be seen containing amphibole, biotite, and plagioclase. This is:
A) hornblende.
B) granite.
C) gabbro.
This is the correct answer.
D) diorite.
12 Bowen’s Reaction Series illustrates relations between:
A) temperature, pressure, and viscosity.
B) viscosity, temperature, silica content, and volatile content.
This is the correct answer.
C) temperature, chemical composition, and mineral structure.
D) temperature, viscosity, and mineral composition.
13 The two important criteria used for igneous rock classification are:
This is the correct answer.
A) texture and mineral composition.
B) temperature and viscosity.
C) mineral composition and temperature.
D) texture and temperature.
14 Basalt and gabbro:
A) formed from magma with the same silica content.
B) formed from magma with the same temperature.
C) have the same minerals.
This is the correct answer.
D) all of these
15 A rock with mineral crystals too small to be seen and low temperature minerals is:
A) granite.
B) andesite.
This is the correct answer.
C) rhyolite.
D) gabbro.
16 Igneous rocks that form entirely beneath Earth's surface are said to be:
A) platonic.
This is the correct answer.
B) plutonic
C) extrusive.
D) volcanic.
17 Andesite was named for a rock type commonly found:
A) in Mayberry, North Carolina.
This is the correct answer.
B) in the Andes Mountains.
C) in Hawaii.
D) in the Rocky Mountains.
18 Igneous processes are those which relate to:
A) solidification of magma.
B) formation of magma.
C) melting of rocks.
This is the correct answer.
D) all of these
19 The geothermal gradient of the asthenosphere is:
A) always changing as a result of plate tectonics.
B) the reverse of the geothermal gradient in the lithosphere.
This is the correct answer.
C) about 1 degree per kilometer.
D) the same as the temperature structure of the lithosphere.
20 Volcanic rocks are also:
A) Explosive.
This is the correct answer.
B) Extrusive.
C) Plutonic.
D) Intrusive.
NOTE: CONTINUOUS VS DISCONTINUOUS
The continuous branch describes the evolution of the plagioclase feldspars as they evolve from being calcium-rich to more sodium-rich.
The discontinuous branch describes the formation of the mafic minerals olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica.
TERMS:
http://geology.com/minerals/plagioclase.shtml
maf·ic = relating to, denoting, or containing a group of dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene and olivine
*PLUTONIC ROCKS are rocks beneath the Earth's crust which is a solidified magma while a volcanic rock is a solidified lava.
The name was taken from the God of the Underworld, Pluto or Hades
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/007252815x/student_view0/index.html
http://highered.mheducation.com/novella/SITELIBDisplay.jsp?mode=SEM&catId=903
1 A surface separating different types of rocks is called:
A) a chill zone.
B) a xenolith.
This is the correct answer.
C) a contact.
D) none of the above
2 The major difference between intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks is:
A) the type of minerals they contain.
This is the correct answer.
B) where they solidify.
C) their chemical composition.
D) all of the above
3 Which is not an intrusive rock type?
This is the correct answer.
A) andesite
B) granite
C) diorite
D) gabbro
4 By definition, stocks differ from batholiths in:
A) elevation above sea-level.
B) chemical composition.
C) shape.
This is the correct answer.
D) size.
5 On average, the geothermal gradient is about:
A) 50 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
This is the correct answer.
B) 30 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
C) 10 degrees Celsius per kilometer.
D) 1 degree Celsius per kilometer.
6 Which of the following minerals is part of Bowen's Continuous Series?
This is the correct answer.
A) plagioclase.
B) amphibole.
C) biotite.
D) pyroxene.
7 Which of the following minerals is part of Bowen's Discontinuous Series?
A) olivine
B) biotite
C) pyroxene
This is the correct answer.
D) All of these are part of Bowen's Discontinuous Series.
8 The difference in texture between plutonic and volcanic rocks is caused by:
A) different chemical compositions.
B) different amounts of water in the magma.
This is the correct answer.
C) different rates of cooling and crystallization.
D) different mineralogy.
9 A change in magma composition due to melting of surrounding country rock is called:
A) differentiation.
B) crystal settling.
This is the correct answer.
C) assimilation.
D) magma mixing.
10 Andesite is most often associated with what type of plate boundary?
A) reversible plate boundaries
This is the correct answer.
B) convergent plate boundaries
C) transform plate boundaries
D) divergent plate boundaries
11 You discover a rock with minerals large enough to be seen containing amphibole, biotite, and plagioclase. This is:
A) hornblende.
B) granite.
C) gabbro.
This is the correct answer.
D) diorite.
12 Bowen’s Reaction Series illustrates relations between:
A) temperature, pressure, and viscosity.
B) viscosity, temperature, silica content, and volatile content.
This is the correct answer.
C) temperature, chemical composition, and mineral structure.
D) temperature, viscosity, and mineral composition.
13 The two important criteria used for igneous rock classification are:
This is the correct answer.
A) texture and mineral composition.
B) temperature and viscosity.
C) mineral composition and temperature.
D) texture and temperature.
14 Basalt and gabbro:
A) formed from magma with the same silica content.
B) formed from magma with the same temperature.
C) have the same minerals.
This is the correct answer.
D) all of these
15 A rock with mineral crystals too small to be seen and low temperature minerals is:
A) granite.
B) andesite.
This is the correct answer.
C) rhyolite.
D) gabbro.
16 Igneous rocks that form entirely beneath Earth's surface are said to be:
A) platonic.
This is the correct answer.
B) plutonic
C) extrusive.
D) volcanic.
17 Andesite was named for a rock type commonly found:
A) in Mayberry, North Carolina.
This is the correct answer.
B) in the Andes Mountains.
C) in Hawaii.
D) in the Rocky Mountains.
18 Igneous processes are those which relate to:
A) solidification of magma.
B) formation of magma.
C) melting of rocks.
This is the correct answer.
D) all of these
19 The geothermal gradient of the asthenosphere is:
A) always changing as a result of plate tectonics.
B) the reverse of the geothermal gradient in the lithosphere.
This is the correct answer.
C) about 1 degree per kilometer.
D) the same as the temperature structure of the lithosphere.
20 Volcanic rocks are also:
A) Explosive.
This is the correct answer.
B) Extrusive.
C) Plutonic.
D) Intrusive.
1 CORRECT All igneous rocks form from magma.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
2 CORRECT All volcanic rocks are also igneous rocks.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
3 CORRECT All igneous rocks are composed of minerals.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
4 CORRECT Igneous rocks with fine-grained texture are also plutonic.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
5 CORRECT Igneous rocks that contain olivine solidified at relatively high temperatures.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
6 CORRECT Bowen's Reaction Series is a key to understanding igneous rocks.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
7 CORRECT Bowen's Discontinuous Series contains minerals with similar silicate structures but different chemical compositions.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
8 CORRECT The size of mineral grains in an igneous rock reveals information about the cooling history of the magma.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
9 CORRECT By definition, volcanic rocks are those extruded onto Earth's surface.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
10 CORRECT Pressure is an important variable controlling the formation of magma.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
11 CORRECT Temperature is an important variable controlling the formation of magma.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
12 CORRECT Olivine is the first mineral to form in Bowen's Continuous Series.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
13 CORRECT In Bowen's Discontinuous Series, more complex silicate structures form as temperature decreases.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
14 CORRECT All igneous rocks form from magma with the same composition.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
15 CORRECT Magma formation is common at divergent plate boundaries.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
16 CORRECT Deep inside Earth where temperatures are very high, all rocks have melted to form magma.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
17 CORRECT Andesite is a common igneous rock found in the Andes Mountains of South America.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
18 CORRECT Some magmas are cool enough for you to touch with your bare hand.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
19 CORRECT The most common igneous rock in the ocean basins is basalt.
This is the correct answer.
A) TRUE
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
20 CORRECT All volcanoes in North America are extinct.
A) TRUE
This is the correct answer.
B) FALSE
Feedback: CORRECT!
NOTE: CONTINUOUS VS DISCONTINUOUS
The continuous branch describes the evolution of the plagioclase feldspars as they evolve from being calcium-rich to more sodium-rich.
The discontinuous branch describes the formation of the mafic minerals olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite mica.
TERMS:
http://geology.com/minerals/plagioclase.shtml
maf·ic = relating to, denoting, or containing a group of dark-colored, mainly ferromagnesian minerals such as pyroxene and olivine
*PLUTONIC ROCKS are rocks beneath the Earth's crust which is a solidified magma while a volcanic rock is a solidified lava.
The name was taken from the God of the Underworld, Pluto or Hades
Miyerkules, Agosto 16, 2017
Introduction | Principles of Metallurgy | Engr. Q.Balidoy
1. >Geology - ore discovery
>Mining - ore digging
>Metallurgy - ore processing
2. What is metallurgy?
It is the science and art
of extracting,
refining, and
adopting
metals from minerals,
at a PROFIT,
for human use,
with the utmost care for the environment.
3. Basic terms and concepts:
MINERALS - chemical compounds in the earth's crust containing metals
ORE - a rock which contains minerals from which metals may be profitably recovered
ORE DRESSING - the preparation required before the extraction process
EXTRACTION - the recovery of the metal from the ore (or mineral)
UNIT OPERATIONS - the individual sequential steps in producing metal
from the ore involving purely physical changes
UNIT PROCESSES - the individual sequential steps in producing a metal
involving chemical reactions and/or changes in the state of aggregation
WINNING - the processes involved in removing and collecting the metals from ore
CONCENTRATE - the valuable minerals obtained from the recovery process
GANGUE - the minerals of no value
4. GEOLOGY>MINING>METALLUGY>MINERAL PROCESSING
MINERAL PROCESSING: HYDROMETALLURGY, PYROMETALLURGY, ELECTROMETALLURGY
HPE > METALS FORMING PROCESSES > PROPERTY MODIFICATION PROCESSES
METALS FORMING PROCESSES
-mechanical metallurgy
-foundry metallurgy
-powder metallurgy
PROPERTY MODIFICATION PROCESSES
-physical metallurgy
-microscopic characterization
-mAcroscopic characterization
-alloying
-heat treatment
5. Branches of Metallurgy
-extraction of the valuable mineral from the ore
EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY
-extraction of metal from the metal from the mineral
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
-deals with the relationship of properties and structures of metals and alloys
ADAPTIVE METALLURGY
-making metal conform to application
6. ORE DRESSING
Perspective in metallurgy: WE NEED METALS, PRIMARY SOURCE OF MINERALS
GOLD PROJECTS:
-MASBATE
-NORTH DAVAO
-APEX
-NRMDC's DIWATA
COPPER PROJECTS:
-BATONG-BUHAY
-FAR SOUTH EAST
-DIDIPIO
-MARCOPPER
-ATLAS
-MARICALUM
-PHILEX's BAYONGAN
-COLET
-KINGKING
-TAMPAKAN
NICKEL PROJECTS:
ERAMEN
MINDORO
RIO TUBA EXPANSION
PHILNICO
ADLAY-CAGDIANNAO-TANDAWA
TAGANITO EXPANSION
PUJADA
7. TECHNOLOGY
*GOLD
MILLER PROCESS
WOHLWILL PROCESS
CIP / CIL / CIC
Direct Smelting - Slag formation for removal of Au impurities
Merrill-Crowe Process: Zinc-Dust Precipitation of Au impurities
*NICKEL
HPAL: H2SO4 Leaching of Ni into sulfate at ↑T, ↑P 0.8% Ni → 57% Ni
Moa Bay Process: H2SO4 Leaching of Ni into sulfate
Sherritt Gordon Process: NH3 Leaching of Ni
Direct Smelting: Slag formation for removal of Ni impurities
*COPPER
Heap Leaching: H2SO4 Leaching of Cu into sulfate >0.1% Cu Feed
Flash Smelting: Autogenous Fine particle smelting of Cu >30% Cu feed
Mitsubishi Process: Continuous Furnace Smelting of Cu
Electro-Refining: Selective deposition of Cu by winning 99.99% Cu product
*IRON
Blast Furnace Smelting: Iron Smelting
Midrex / COREX Process: Direct Iron Oxide Reduction
Basic Oxygen Furnace Smelting: Selective oxidation of Fe Impurities
8. PROBLEM
TECHNICAL: Sensitivity of the processes!
ECONOMIC: Cut-off Grades!
Bridging the Gap
Mineral Processing “de-stresses” the transition between the mineral source, to the final metal product!
8. MINERAL PROCESSING/ MINERAL BENEFICIATION/ ORE DRESSING
The mechanical separation of valuable minerals from the valueless material of an ore
The valuable mineral is collected into a smaller bulk WITHOUT altering the physical and chemical identity of the minerals
Treatments applied to the ore containing valuable metallic or nonmetallic minerals prior to recovery and separation
9. RATIONALE
Virtually, no mineral, AS MINED, is suitable for conversion to final product
Rather, it requires preparation of ores by physical methods
10. Objectives of Ore Dressing
Technical
To bring the valuable mineral or the final product into suitable technical condition as required by the process
Undesired constituents of the original ore must be removed or reduced below the specified units
Economic
To provide the cheapest way to eliminate the unwanted minerals
Reduce unit material handling costs
11. Economic Criteria
Mineral Processing must be cost efficient!
If an ore or mineral is not marketable w/o MP, the processing operation will not be justified unless the product has a selling price GREATER than all the costs involved in producing it
PROFIT = (Metal Price) – (Mining + MinProc + Others) = if (+), OK!
12. Benefits from Mineral Processing
Concentration of desired mineral = Freight Savings!
Since little or no waste is being shipped in the concentrate, quite considerable freight savings can be realized
Waste Rock Minimization = Improved Metal Purity!
Since the waste in the shipment has been considerably reduced, metal losses in slag or leaching residues are correspondingly reduced
Effective Material Reduction = Reduced Treatment Charges!
The reduced tonnage of materials to be treated, either by smelting or leaching, results in drastic reductions of treatment charges
When concentration methods are both efficient and cheap, it is often possible to take advantage of low-cost, high tonnage mining methods to produce ores of lower grade than would normally be produced by high-cost selective mining methods
Efficient and low-cost mineral processing plants make it possible to treat material which, without the availability of cheap concentrating methods, could never be classed as ores
13. Minerals
An INorganically formed, naturally occurring homogeneous solid having a definite chemical composition and an orderly crystal structure
Ore Is a mineral deposit w/c can be ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITED to become a source or supply of a particular material
>Mining - ore digging
>Metallurgy - ore processing
2. What is metallurgy?
It is the science and art
of extracting,
refining, and
adopting
metals from minerals,
at a PROFIT,
for human use,
with the utmost care for the environment.
3. Basic terms and concepts:
MINERALS - chemical compounds in the earth's crust containing metals
ORE - a rock which contains minerals from which metals may be profitably recovered
ORE DRESSING - the preparation required before the extraction process
EXTRACTION - the recovery of the metal from the ore (or mineral)
UNIT OPERATIONS - the individual sequential steps in producing metal
from the ore involving purely physical changes
UNIT PROCESSES - the individual sequential steps in producing a metal
involving chemical reactions and/or changes in the state of aggregation
WINNING - the processes involved in removing and collecting the metals from ore
CONCENTRATE - the valuable minerals obtained from the recovery process
GANGUE - the minerals of no value
4. GEOLOGY>MINING>METALLUGY>MINERAL PROCESSING
MINERAL PROCESSING: HYDROMETALLURGY, PYROMETALLURGY, ELECTROMETALLURGY
HPE > METALS FORMING PROCESSES > PROPERTY MODIFICATION PROCESSES
METALS FORMING PROCESSES
-mechanical metallurgy
-foundry metallurgy
-powder metallurgy
PROPERTY MODIFICATION PROCESSES
-physical metallurgy
-microscopic characterization
-mAcroscopic characterization
-alloying
-heat treatment
5. Branches of Metallurgy
- MINERAL PROCESSING
- EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY
- PHYSICAL METALLURGY
- ADAPTIVE METALLURGY
-extraction of the valuable mineral from the ore
EXTRACTIVE METALLURGY
-extraction of metal from the metal from the mineral
PHYSICAL METALLURGY
-deals with the relationship of properties and structures of metals and alloys
ADAPTIVE METALLURGY
-making metal conform to application
6. ORE DRESSING
Perspective in metallurgy: WE NEED METALS, PRIMARY SOURCE OF MINERALS
GOLD PROJECTS:
-MASBATE
-NORTH DAVAO
-APEX
-NRMDC's DIWATA
COPPER PROJECTS:
-BATONG-BUHAY
-FAR SOUTH EAST
-DIDIPIO
-MARCOPPER
-ATLAS
-MARICALUM
-PHILEX's BAYONGAN
-COLET
-KINGKING
-TAMPAKAN
NICKEL PROJECTS:
ERAMEN
MINDORO
RIO TUBA EXPANSION
PHILNICO
ADLAY-CAGDIANNAO-TANDAWA
TAGANITO EXPANSION
PUJADA
7. TECHNOLOGY
*GOLD
MILLER PROCESS
- CHLORINE GAS IS PASSED THROUGH MOLTEN GOLD TO PRECIPITATE OTHER METALS
- >99.5 % Au
WOHLWILL PROCESS
- SELECTIVE DEPOSITION OF GOLD USING REDOX
- >99.99% Au
CIP / CIL / CIC
- SELECTIVE DISSOLUTIONS OF GOLD USING CYANIDE
- >0.3% Au FEED
Direct Smelting - Slag formation for removal of Au impurities
Merrill-Crowe Process: Zinc-Dust Precipitation of Au impurities
*NICKEL
HPAL: H2SO4 Leaching of Ni into sulfate at ↑T, ↑P 0.8% Ni → 57% Ni
Moa Bay Process: H2SO4 Leaching of Ni into sulfate
Sherritt Gordon Process: NH3 Leaching of Ni
Direct Smelting: Slag formation for removal of Ni impurities
*COPPER
Heap Leaching: H2SO4 Leaching of Cu into sulfate >0.1% Cu Feed
Flash Smelting: Autogenous Fine particle smelting of Cu >30% Cu feed
Mitsubishi Process: Continuous Furnace Smelting of Cu
Electro-Refining: Selective deposition of Cu by winning 99.99% Cu product
*IRON
Blast Furnace Smelting: Iron Smelting
Midrex / COREX Process: Direct Iron Oxide Reduction
Basic Oxygen Furnace Smelting: Selective oxidation of Fe Impurities
8. PROBLEM
TECHNICAL: Sensitivity of the processes!
ECONOMIC: Cut-off Grades!
Bridging the Gap
Mineral Processing “de-stresses” the transition between the mineral source, to the final metal product!
8. MINERAL PROCESSING/ MINERAL BENEFICIATION/ ORE DRESSING
The mechanical separation of valuable minerals from the valueless material of an ore
The valuable mineral is collected into a smaller bulk WITHOUT altering the physical and chemical identity of the minerals
Treatments applied to the ore containing valuable metallic or nonmetallic minerals prior to recovery and separation
9. RATIONALE
Virtually, no mineral, AS MINED, is suitable for conversion to final product
Rather, it requires preparation of ores by physical methods
10. Objectives of Ore Dressing
Technical
To bring the valuable mineral or the final product into suitable technical condition as required by the process
Undesired constituents of the original ore must be removed or reduced below the specified units
Economic
To provide the cheapest way to eliminate the unwanted minerals
Reduce unit material handling costs
11. Economic Criteria
Mineral Processing must be cost efficient!
If an ore or mineral is not marketable w/o MP, the processing operation will not be justified unless the product has a selling price GREATER than all the costs involved in producing it
PROFIT = (Metal Price) – (Mining + MinProc + Others) = if (+), OK!
12. Benefits from Mineral Processing
Concentration of desired mineral = Freight Savings!
Since little or no waste is being shipped in the concentrate, quite considerable freight savings can be realized
Waste Rock Minimization = Improved Metal Purity!
Since the waste in the shipment has been considerably reduced, metal losses in slag or leaching residues are correspondingly reduced
Effective Material Reduction = Reduced Treatment Charges!
The reduced tonnage of materials to be treated, either by smelting or leaching, results in drastic reductions of treatment charges
When concentration methods are both efficient and cheap, it is often possible to take advantage of low-cost, high tonnage mining methods to produce ores of lower grade than would normally be produced by high-cost selective mining methods
Efficient and low-cost mineral processing plants make it possible to treat material which, without the availability of cheap concentrating methods, could never be classed as ores
13. Minerals
An INorganically formed, naturally occurring homogeneous solid having a definite chemical composition and an orderly crystal structure
Ore Is a mineral deposit w/c can be ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITED to become a source or supply of a particular material
Gangue Mineral All minerals having NO ECONOMIC VALUE to the recovery process under consideration
14. Unit Operations in Ore Dressing
ComMINUtion
14. Unit Operations in Ore Dressing
ComMINUtion
Sizing
Concentration
Dewatering
Auxiliary Operations
Comminution
particle size reduction by breaking, crushing, or grinding of ore, rock, coal, or other materials
It is a critical component in most mineral processing flow sheets and can serve several purposes
Goals: LIBERATION and SEPARATION
Done either wet or dry
Consumes a lot of energy (>40% of total Mine/Mill consumption)
Sizing
Segregation of Materials into products characterized by difference in size
Screening and Classification
Concentration
Separation of valuable minerals
Based on the physical characteristics of minerals
Dewatering
Solid/liquid separation by thickeners and filters
Auxiliary Operations
Bins, conveyors, feeders, pumps, etc.
Process Flowsheet
A diagrammatic representation showing the individual treatments, or unit operations in a process, and the order by which these are carried out
Process Integration and Flowsheet Analysis
Two factors are particularly significant in a Mineral Processing Circuit:
Each ore is Unique
Interrelation of various process operations (one unit affects the behavior of subsequent operations)
Basic Problems in Process-Flow Metallurgy
Choosing possible products or suitable final products of operation
Source (raw material) > Product 1 Product 2 Product 3...
The ways in which these products should be produced
Source (raw material) > Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 . . . > Product 1
15. Logical Framework for examining process selection problems:
Raw mat’ls: pure or associated
Valuable and unwanted Minerals
Separability: Chemical or Physical
Treatment: Single vs. multi-step process
To be able to select a suitable separation process route, a number of important characteristics of the ore should be defined
16. Mineral Characteristics
The mineral phases which are present in the ore and their composition should be fully identified
The volume and mass fraction of each minerals
The grain sizes and size distribution
Shape of the grains
Orientation of the grains
Distribution of the grains within the ore
17. Mineralogy
MINERAL CHARACTERISTIC
> PROPERTY UTILIZED
> TYPE OF OPERATION
Color and Luster
> Optical response
> Hand Sorting of ore or automatic device triggered by reflected light
Texture, Hardness
> Difference in the response to crushing, grinding, screening, classification
>Air separation of fibers like asbestos; Separation of diamonds
Radioactivity
>Gamma Ray Emission
>Automatic device triggered by scintillation counter
Specific Gravity and Mass
>Differential Displacement in a fluid due to difference in buoyant effect
>Gravity separation of heavies and Lights by HMS, Jig, Table, Spiral
Shape
>Frictional force developed in a stream flow
>Flowing film table separators
Ferromagnetism
>Magnetic
>Magnetic fields used to recover wanted mineral
Surface Conductivity
>Mobility of electrons on the Particle Surface
>High voltage separator
Surface Activity
>ADsorption of specific cations & anions to modify surface tensions
>Froth flotation, flocculation or agglomeration
FROM:
https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/INTRODUCTION%20prin%20of%20met%20rev.pdf?token=AWzm37HOha8q5SxoD0sEtD9p5yTIJRsw32qHLR7iGYHtmUKK23fJ8mbvKm6KJTKcW5jdporvQRd3FOdcaKAVJHg5y1vP5ht__vdYWQI5UpFfISrKLLyTvr5zAOyMiTHN3r2i2tLnarrQduWsRScpW59BqoAAXvix8E-5FxhmyJqYENR1mUZ1grR3kL4zVTFRGsjCMeBxZAqOxsUK1VQKmcgU
https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/mineral%20processing%20intro.pdf?token=AWxikDNyc_g5CbtFzc7nTszDjkM1eF0GC78cMOimI91vp-ugtWvf6SFp5QdZaKOqzOIhzl1e7Ko9ckIUKoxn7gnPhMk4LrSA91grfXomAk3saLGHLVZtpvBvQyf2zY29usltm5iuwotxSVdp0e0aaN6nb-OpHiBHcvmayKQRZ2oOjCUlsF4z2PwSiyLABQjsa4BC9XvFrlkAx-NJoIv7JpKX4bk8B76r6-oE_6Zm7fRMeA
#################################################################################
DISCLAIMER: please don't sue me, i just reformatted the slides for easier study, I don't mint money, this is for study notes, PEACE!
Comminution
particle size reduction by breaking, crushing, or grinding of ore, rock, coal, or other materials
It is a critical component in most mineral processing flow sheets and can serve several purposes
Goals: LIBERATION and SEPARATION
Done either wet or dry
Consumes a lot of energy (>40% of total Mine/Mill consumption)
Sizing
Segregation of Materials into products characterized by difference in size
Screening and Classification
Concentration
Separation of valuable minerals
Based on the physical characteristics of minerals
Dewatering
Solid/liquid separation by thickeners and filters
Auxiliary Operations
Bins, conveyors, feeders, pumps, etc.
Process Flowsheet
A diagrammatic representation showing the individual treatments, or unit operations in a process, and the order by which these are carried out
Process Integration and Flowsheet Analysis
Two factors are particularly significant in a Mineral Processing Circuit:
Each ore is Unique
Interrelation of various process operations (one unit affects the behavior of subsequent operations)
Basic Problems in Process-Flow Metallurgy
Choosing possible products or suitable final products of operation
Source (raw material) > Product 1 Product 2 Product 3...
The ways in which these products should be produced
Source (raw material) > Route 1 Route 2 Route 3 . . . > Product 1
15. Logical Framework for examining process selection problems:
Raw mat’ls: pure or associated
Valuable and unwanted Minerals
Separability: Chemical or Physical
Treatment: Single vs. multi-step process
To be able to select a suitable separation process route, a number of important characteristics of the ore should be defined
16. Mineral Characteristics
The mineral phases which are present in the ore and their composition should be fully identified
The volume and mass fraction of each minerals
The grain sizes and size distribution
Shape of the grains
Orientation of the grains
Distribution of the grains within the ore
17. Mineralogy
MINERAL CHARACTERISTIC
> PROPERTY UTILIZED
> TYPE OF OPERATION
Color and Luster
> Optical response
> Hand Sorting of ore or automatic device triggered by reflected light
Texture, Hardness
> Difference in the response to crushing, grinding, screening, classification
>Air separation of fibers like asbestos; Separation of diamonds
Radioactivity
>Gamma Ray Emission
>Automatic device triggered by scintillation counter
Specific Gravity and Mass
>Differential Displacement in a fluid due to difference in buoyant effect
>Gravity separation of heavies and Lights by HMS, Jig, Table, Spiral
Shape
>Frictional force developed in a stream flow
>Flowing film table separators
Ferromagnetism
>Magnetic
>Magnetic fields used to recover wanted mineral
Surface Conductivity
>Mobility of electrons on the Particle Surface
>High voltage separator
Surface Activity
>ADsorption of specific cations & anions to modify surface tensions
>Froth flotation, flocculation or agglomeration
FROM:
https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/INTRODUCTION%20prin%20of%20met%20rev.pdf?token=AWzm37HOha8q5SxoD0sEtD9p5yTIJRsw32qHLR7iGYHtmUKK23fJ8mbvKm6KJTKcW5jdporvQRd3FOdcaKAVJHg5y1vP5ht__vdYWQI5UpFfISrKLLyTvr5zAOyMiTHN3r2i2tLnarrQduWsRScpW59BqoAAXvix8E-5FxhmyJqYENR1mUZ1grR3kL4zVTFRGsjCMeBxZAqOxsUK1VQKmcgU
https://lookaside.fbsbx.com/file/mineral%20processing%20intro.pdf?token=AWxikDNyc_g5CbtFzc7nTszDjkM1eF0GC78cMOimI91vp-ugtWvf6SFp5QdZaKOqzOIhzl1e7Ko9ckIUKoxn7gnPhMk4LrSA91grfXomAk3saLGHLVZtpvBvQyf2zY29usltm5iuwotxSVdp0e0aaN6nb-OpHiBHcvmayKQRZ2oOjCUlsF4z2PwSiyLABQjsa4BC9XvFrlkAx-NJoIv7JpKX4bk8B76r6-oE_6Zm7fRMeA
#################################################################################
DISCLAIMER: please don't sue me, i just reformatted the slides for easier study, I don't mint money, this is for study notes, PEACE!
Linggo, Agosto 13, 2017
Mining Terms (wells.entirety.ca)
ADIT - A passageway or opening driven horizontally into the side of a hill generally for the purpose of exploring or otherwise opening a mineral deposit. An adit is open to the atmosphere at one end, a tunnel at both ends.
AERIAL TRAMWAY - A system for the transporting of ore or rock in buckets which are suspended from a cable.
ALLOY - A compound of two or more metals, usually produced by fusion.
AMALGAMATION- A process by which gold and silver are extracted from an ore by dissolving them in mercury.
APEX - The top or terminal edge of a vein on the surface or its nearest point to the surface.
ASSAY - To test ores or minerals by chemical or other methods for the purpose of determining the amount of valuable metals contained.
ASSESSMENT WORK - The amount of work specified by law, which must be done each year to retain legal control of mining lands.
AUTOGENOUS GRINDING - The process of grinding in a rotating mill which uses as a grinding medium large pieces or pebbles of the ore being ground, instead of conventional steel balls or rods.
BACKSTOPE - The initial lift or slice when commencing to stope or mine from a drift.
BALL MILL - A piece of milling equipment used to grind ore into small particles. It is a cylindrical shaped steel container filled with steel balls into which crushed ore is fed. The ball mill is rotated causing the balls themselves to cascade, which in turn grinds the ore.
BASE METAL - A metal inferior in value to gold and silver, generally applied to the commercial metals such as copper, lead, etc.
BEDROCK - Solid rock forming the earth's crust, frequently covered by overburden or water.
BIT - The cutting end of boring instrument. In rock drilling, it is frequently made with ultra-hard material such as diamonds or tungsten carbide.
BLAST HOLE - A hole drilled for purposes of blasting rather than for exploration or geological information.
BLOCK CAVING - A cheap method of mining in which large blocks of ore are under cut, the ore breaking and caving under its own weight.
BONANZA - Very rich ore, or situation.
BREAST - A working face, usually restricted to a stope.
BULLION - Metal in bars, ingots or other uncoined form.
CAGE - The conveyance used to transport men and equipment in a shaft.
CATHODE - A rectangular plate of metal produced by electrolytic refining which is melted into commercial shapes such as ingots.
CHANGE HOUSE - A special building constructed at a mine where the miner changes to his working clothes; also known as a dry house.
CHUTE - An inclined opening, usually constructed of timber and equipped with a gate, through which ore is drawn from a stope into mine cars.
CLAIM - A portion of mining land held under federal or provincial law.
COLLAR - The term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth of a shaft; also used to describe the top of a drill hole.
CONCENTRATE - A product containing the valuable metal and from which most of the waste material in the ore has been removed.
CORE - The long cylinder of rock, about one inch or more in diameter, that is recovered by the diamond drill.
CORE BARREL - That part of a string of tools in diamond drilling in which the core specimen collects.
CROSSCUT - A horizontal opening driven across the course of a vein or structure, or in general across the strike of the rock formation; a connection from a shaft to an ore structure.
CRUSHER - A machine for crushing rock, such as a gyratory crusher, jaw crusher, stamp mill, etc.
CYANIDATION - A method of extracting gold or silver by dissolving it in a weak solution of sodium cyanide.
DEVELOPMENT - Is the underground work carried out for the purpose of reaching and opening up a mineral deposit. It includes shaft sinking, cross-cutting, drifting and raising.
DE-AERATOR TANK: This tank is used to process ore into gold in hard rock mining.
DIAMOND DRILL - A rotary type of rock drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion. The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached to the end of long hollow rods. The drill cuts a core of rock which is recovered in long cylindrical sections, an inch or more in diameter.
DIFFERENTIAL FLOTATION - A milling process using the flotation process, by which concentrates are made of each of the various valuable minerals in an ore.
DILUTION - Waste of low grade rock which is unavoidably removed along with the ore in the mining process.
DIP - The angle at which a vein, structure or rock bed is inclined from the horizontal, measured at right angles to the strike.
DIP NEEDLE - A compass whose needle is mounted so as to swing in a vertical plane, used for determining the magnetic attraction of rocks.
DRAG FOLD - Rock that has been folded or bent back on itself.
DRIFT (DRIVE) - A horizontal passage underground that follow along the length of a vein or rock formation as opposed to a crosscut which crosses the rock formation.
DRIFTER - A rock drill used for boring horizontal holes for blasting.
DRY HOUSE - A building where the miner changes to his working clothes.
DUMP - A pile or heap of rock or ore on the surface.
EXPLORATION - The prospecting, diamond drilling and other work involved in searching for ore.
FACE - As applied to a drift, crosscut or stope, is the end in which work is progressing.
FILTER PRESS - This is used to filter out impurities out of gold.
FINE GOLD - Almost pure gold. Fineness is the proportion of pure gold or silver in jewellery or bullion expressed in parts per thousand. Thus, 925 fine gold indicates 925 parts out of 1,000, or 92.5%, is pure gold.
FISSURE - An extensive crack, break or fracture in rocks.
FLOAT - Pieces of rock that have been broken off and moved from their original location by natural forces such as frost action or glaciers.
FLOATATION - A milling process by which some mineral particles are induced to become attached to bubbles and float, and others to sink. In this way the valuable minerals are concentrated and separated from the worthless gangue.
FLOWSHEET - The sequence of operations, step by step, by which ore is treated in a milling, concentration, or smelting process.
FOOTWALL - The wall or rock on the underside of a vein or ore structure.
FREE MILLING - Ores of gold or silver from which the precious metals can be recovered by concentrating methods without resort to roasting or chemical treatment.
GAMMA - A unit of measurement of magnetic intensity.
GANGUE - The worthless minerals associated with valuable minerals in an ore deposit.
GEIGER COUNTER - An instrument used in the search for radioactive minerals, particulary uranium, as it is capable of detecting (by means of a Geiger Mueller tube) the rays emanating from such minerals. It registers the frequency or intensity of these rays either visually (by dial or flashing light), audibly (by earphones) or both.
GEOLOGY - The science concerned with the study of the rocks which compose the earth.
GRIZZLY - A grating (usually constructed of steel rails) placed over the top of a chute or ore pass for the purpose of stopping the larger pieces of rock or ore.
GROUTING - The process of sealing off a water flow in rocks by forcing thin cement slurry, or other chemicals into the cervices; usually done through a diamond drill hole.
GRUBSTAKE - Finances or supplies of food, etc.,furnished a prospector on promise of some share in any discoveries he make.
GUIDES - The timber along the sides of a shaft for the purpose of steadying, or guiding, the cage or conveyance.
HANGING WALL - The wall or rock on the upper or top side of a vein or ore deposit.
HIGHGRADE - Rich ore. Selective mining of the best ore in a deposit.
HIGHGRADED - One who steals rich ore, especially gold, from a mine.
HOIST - The machine used for raising and lowering the cage or other conveyance in a shaft.
HOST ROCK - The rock containing an ore deposit.
HYDRAULIC - This describes a common method of mining in which water under pressure is used to cut away banks of gold-bearing gravels or overburden. Water is brought to the operation form a "head"; the water is then discharged into a pipeline, at the end of which is a nozzle called a "monitor" or a "giant". By using the water provided, the overburden can be cut away to expose the gold-bearing gravels which are then sluiced, using the water provided.
JAW CRUSHER - A machine in which the rock is broken by the action of moving steel jaws.
JIG - An apparatus used in milling to concentrate ore on a screen submerged in water, either by a reciprocating motion of the screen or by the pulsation of water through it.
LAGGING - Planks or small timbers placed along the roof of a stope or drift to prevent rocks from falling, rather than to support the main weight of the overlying rocks.
![]()
LAUNDER - A chute or trough for conveying pulp, water or powdered ore in the milling process.
![]()
LODE - A mineral deposit in solid rock.
![]()
MILL - a) A plant in which ore is treated for the recovery of valuable metals. b) A machine consisting of a revolving drum, for the fine grinding of ores as a preparation for treatment.
![]()
MILL HEADS - The average grade of ore fed into a mill.
![]()
MILLING ORE - Ore that contains sufficient valuable mineral to be treated by milling process.
MONITOR - An apparatus fitted with a nozzle and used to direct water under high pressure in order to remove overburden or to break down gold-bearing gravels in order to sluice them. Also known as a "giant".
![]()
MOTHERLODE - The starting place or origin of a metal. A vein which contains the original metal "in place".
NUGGET - A water-worn piece of precious metal, usually implying some size.
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ORE - A mixture of ore minerals and gangue from which at least one of the metals can be extracted at a profit.
![]()
ORE-BEARING - Rock that has some type of ore present in its composition.
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PAN - To wash gravel or rock that have been ground in a pan to separate gold.
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PEBBLE MILL - A grinding mill similar in construction and action as a ball mill, but in which the charge is made up of hard pebbles in place of the more conventional steel balls.
![]()
PLACER - An alluvial deposit of sand and gravel containing valuable minerals such as gold.
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PLANT - A group of buildings, and especially to their contained equipment , in which a process or function is carried out; on a mine it will include warehouses, hoisting equipment, compressors, repair shops, offices, mill or concentrator.
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PORTAL - The surface entrance to a tunnel or adit.
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POCKETS - These are cavities in the earth, filled with ore, or a rich deposit of gold.
![]()
PROSPECT - A mining property, the value of which has not been proved by exploration.
PULP - A name for gold in the mining process.
![]()
PYRITE - A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, being a sulphide of iron. It is sometimes called "fools gold".
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RAISE - A vertical or inclined underground working that has been excavated from the bottom upward.
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RAKE - The trend of an ore body along the direction of its strike.
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REAMING SHELL - A component of a string of rods used in diamond drilling; it is set with diamonds, and placed between the bit and the core barrel to maintain the gauge of the hole.
RECOVERY - The percentage of valuable metal in the ore that is recovered by metallurgical treatment.
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ROCKBOLTING - The act of consolidating roof strata by means of anchoring and tensioning steel bolts in holes especially drilled for the purpose.
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ROCK BURST - The sudden failure of walls or pillars in a mine caused by the weight of pressure of the surrounding rocks, and accompanied by a violent release of energy.
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ROD MILL - A rotating cylindrical mill which employs steel rods as a grinding medium.
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SAMPLE - A small portion of rock or mineral deposit, usually taken for the purpose of being assayed to determine possible content of valuable elements.
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SHAFT - A vertical or inclined excavation for the purpose of opening and servicing a mine. It is usually equipped with a hoist at the top, which lowers and raises a conveyance for handling men and material.
SHAKER SCREEN - This screen filters out impurities in milling of gold.
![]()
SKIP - A self-dumping type of bucket used in a shaft for hoisting ore or rock.
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SQUARE SET - A set of timbers used for support in underground mining, consisting of cap, girt and post.
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STATION - An enlargement of a shaft made of the level horizon used primarily for the storage and handling of equipment.
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STOCK PILE - Broken ore accumulated in a heap on the surface, pending treatment or shipment.
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STOPE - An excavation in a mine from which ore is being or has been extracted.
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SUMP - An excavation underground for the purpose of catching or storing water; the bottom of a shaft is commonly used for this purpose.
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TAILINGS - Material rejected from a mill after the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted.
TRAM - To haul cars of ore or waste in a mine.
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TROY OUNCES - A type of measurement for gold. A troy is different than an ounce.
TUBE MILL - A piece of milling equipment consisting of a revolving cylinder half filled with steel rods or balls and into which crushed ore is fed for fine grinding; the material to be ground is mixed with water or other solution and comes out as a slurry.
TUNNEL - A horizontal underground passage that is open at both ends; the term is loosely applied in many cases to an adit, which is open at only one end.
VEIN - A fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals that have traveled upwards from some deep source.
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WEDGE - As used in diamond drilling, refers to the placing of a wedge at some point in the hole for the purpose of deflecting the bit in another direction.
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WINZE - A vertical or inclined opening sunk from a point inside a mine. Similar to a shaft, but the latter starts at the surface.
***
DONE READING? TAKE THE QUIZ!
http://wells.entirety.ca/terms.htm
AERIAL TRAMWAY - A system for the transporting of ore or rock in buckets which are suspended from a cable.
ALLOY - A compound of two or more metals, usually produced by fusion.
AMALGAMATION- A process by which gold and silver are extracted from an ore by dissolving them in mercury.
APEX - The top or terminal edge of a vein on the surface or its nearest point to the surface.
ASSAY - To test ores or minerals by chemical or other methods for the purpose of determining the amount of valuable metals contained.
ASSESSMENT WORK - The amount of work specified by law, which must be done each year to retain legal control of mining lands.
AUTOGENOUS GRINDING - The process of grinding in a rotating mill which uses as a grinding medium large pieces or pebbles of the ore being ground, instead of conventional steel balls or rods.
BACKSTOPE - The initial lift or slice when commencing to stope or mine from a drift.
BALL MILL - A piece of milling equipment used to grind ore into small particles. It is a cylindrical shaped steel container filled with steel balls into which crushed ore is fed. The ball mill is rotated causing the balls themselves to cascade, which in turn grinds the ore.
BASE METAL - A metal inferior in value to gold and silver, generally applied to the commercial metals such as copper, lead, etc.
BEDROCK - Solid rock forming the earth's crust, frequently covered by overburden or water.
BIT - The cutting end of boring instrument. In rock drilling, it is frequently made with ultra-hard material such as diamonds or tungsten carbide.
BLAST HOLE - A hole drilled for purposes of blasting rather than for exploration or geological information.
BLOCK CAVING - A cheap method of mining in which large blocks of ore are under cut, the ore breaking and caving under its own weight.
BONANZA - Very rich ore, or situation.
BREAST - A working face, usually restricted to a stope.
BULLION - Metal in bars, ingots or other uncoined form.
CAGE - The conveyance used to transport men and equipment in a shaft.
CATHODE - A rectangular plate of metal produced by electrolytic refining which is melted into commercial shapes such as ingots.
CHANGE HOUSE - A special building constructed at a mine where the miner changes to his working clothes; also known as a dry house.
CHUTE - An inclined opening, usually constructed of timber and equipped with a gate, through which ore is drawn from a stope into mine cars.
CLAIM - A portion of mining land held under federal or provincial law.
COLLAR - The term applied to the timbering or concrete around the mouth of a shaft; also used to describe the top of a drill hole.
CONCENTRATE - A product containing the valuable metal and from which most of the waste material in the ore has been removed.
CORE - The long cylinder of rock, about one inch or more in diameter, that is recovered by the diamond drill.
CORE BARREL - That part of a string of tools in diamond drilling in which the core specimen collects.
CROSSCUT - A horizontal opening driven across the course of a vein or structure, or in general across the strike of the rock formation; a connection from a shaft to an ore structure.
CRUSHER - A machine for crushing rock, such as a gyratory crusher, jaw crusher, stamp mill, etc.
CYANIDATION - A method of extracting gold or silver by dissolving it in a weak solution of sodium cyanide.
DEVELOPMENT - Is the underground work carried out for the purpose of reaching and opening up a mineral deposit. It includes shaft sinking, cross-cutting, drifting and raising.
DE-AERATOR TANK: This tank is used to process ore into gold in hard rock mining.
DIAMOND DRILL - A rotary type of rock drill in which the cutting is done by abrasion rather than percussion. The cutting bit is set with diamonds and is attached to the end of long hollow rods. The drill cuts a core of rock which is recovered in long cylindrical sections, an inch or more in diameter.
DIFFERENTIAL FLOTATION - A milling process using the flotation process, by which concentrates are made of each of the various valuable minerals in an ore.
DILUTION - Waste of low grade rock which is unavoidably removed along with the ore in the mining process.
DIP - The angle at which a vein, structure or rock bed is inclined from the horizontal, measured at right angles to the strike.
DIP NEEDLE - A compass whose needle is mounted so as to swing in a vertical plane, used for determining the magnetic attraction of rocks.
DRAG FOLD - Rock that has been folded or bent back on itself.
DRIFT (DRIVE) - A horizontal passage underground that follow along the length of a vein or rock formation as opposed to a crosscut which crosses the rock formation.
DRIFTER - A rock drill used for boring horizontal holes for blasting.
DRY HOUSE - A building where the miner changes to his working clothes.
DUMP - A pile or heap of rock or ore on the surface.
EXPLORATION - The prospecting, diamond drilling and other work involved in searching for ore.
FACE - As applied to a drift, crosscut or stope, is the end in which work is progressing.
FILTER PRESS - This is used to filter out impurities out of gold.
FINE GOLD - Almost pure gold. Fineness is the proportion of pure gold or silver in jewellery or bullion expressed in parts per thousand. Thus, 925 fine gold indicates 925 parts out of 1,000, or 92.5%, is pure gold.
FISSURE - An extensive crack, break or fracture in rocks.
FLOAT - Pieces of rock that have been broken off and moved from their original location by natural forces such as frost action or glaciers.
FLOATATION - A milling process by which some mineral particles are induced to become attached to bubbles and float, and others to sink. In this way the valuable minerals are concentrated and separated from the worthless gangue.
FLOWSHEET - The sequence of operations, step by step, by which ore is treated in a milling, concentration, or smelting process.
FOOTWALL - The wall or rock on the underside of a vein or ore structure.
FREE MILLING - Ores of gold or silver from which the precious metals can be recovered by concentrating methods without resort to roasting or chemical treatment.
GAMMA - A unit of measurement of magnetic intensity.
GANGUE - The worthless minerals associated with valuable minerals in an ore deposit.
GEIGER COUNTER - An instrument used in the search for radioactive minerals, particulary uranium, as it is capable of detecting (by means of a Geiger Mueller tube) the rays emanating from such minerals. It registers the frequency or intensity of these rays either visually (by dial or flashing light), audibly (by earphones) or both.
GEOLOGY - The science concerned with the study of the rocks which compose the earth.
GRIZZLY - A grating (usually constructed of steel rails) placed over the top of a chute or ore pass for the purpose of stopping the larger pieces of rock or ore.
GROUTING - The process of sealing off a water flow in rocks by forcing thin cement slurry, or other chemicals into the cervices; usually done through a diamond drill hole.
GRUBSTAKE - Finances or supplies of food, etc.,furnished a prospector on promise of some share in any discoveries he make.
GUIDES - The timber along the sides of a shaft for the purpose of steadying, or guiding, the cage or conveyance.
HANGING WALL - The wall or rock on the upper or top side of a vein or ore deposit.
HIGHGRADE - Rich ore. Selective mining of the best ore in a deposit.
HIGHGRADED - One who steals rich ore, especially gold, from a mine.
HOIST - The machine used for raising and lowering the cage or other conveyance in a shaft.
HOST ROCK - The rock containing an ore deposit.
HYDRAULIC - This describes a common method of mining in which water under pressure is used to cut away banks of gold-bearing gravels or overburden. Water is brought to the operation form a "head"; the water is then discharged into a pipeline, at the end of which is a nozzle called a "monitor" or a "giant". By using the water provided, the overburden can be cut away to expose the gold-bearing gravels which are then sluiced, using the water provided.
JAW CRUSHER - A machine in which the rock is broken by the action of moving steel jaws.
JIG - An apparatus used in milling to concentrate ore on a screen submerged in water, either by a reciprocating motion of the screen or by the pulsation of water through it.
LAGGING - Planks or small timbers placed along the roof of a stope or drift to prevent rocks from falling, rather than to support the main weight of the overlying rocks.
LAUNDER - A chute or trough for conveying pulp, water or powdered ore in the milling process.
LODE - A mineral deposit in solid rock.
MILL - a) A plant in which ore is treated for the recovery of valuable metals. b) A machine consisting of a revolving drum, for the fine grinding of ores as a preparation for treatment.
MILL HEADS - The average grade of ore fed into a mill.
MILLING ORE - Ore that contains sufficient valuable mineral to be treated by milling process.
MONITOR - An apparatus fitted with a nozzle and used to direct water under high pressure in order to remove overburden or to break down gold-bearing gravels in order to sluice them. Also known as a "giant".
MOTHERLODE - The starting place or origin of a metal. A vein which contains the original metal "in place".
NUGGET - A water-worn piece of precious metal, usually implying some size.
ORE - A mixture of ore minerals and gangue from which at least one of the metals can be extracted at a profit.
ORE-BEARING - Rock that has some type of ore present in its composition.
PAN - To wash gravel or rock that have been ground in a pan to separate gold.
PEBBLE MILL - A grinding mill similar in construction and action as a ball mill, but in which the charge is made up of hard pebbles in place of the more conventional steel balls.
PLACER - An alluvial deposit of sand and gravel containing valuable minerals such as gold.
PLANT - A group of buildings, and especially to their contained equipment , in which a process or function is carried out; on a mine it will include warehouses, hoisting equipment, compressors, repair shops, offices, mill or concentrator.
PORTAL - The surface entrance to a tunnel or adit.
POCKETS - These are cavities in the earth, filled with ore, or a rich deposit of gold.
PROSPECT - A mining property, the value of which has not been proved by exploration.
PULP - A name for gold in the mining process.
PYRITE - A hard, heavy, shiny, yellow mineral, being a sulphide of iron. It is sometimes called "fools gold".
RAISE - A vertical or inclined underground working that has been excavated from the bottom upward.
RAKE - The trend of an ore body along the direction of its strike.
REAMING SHELL - A component of a string of rods used in diamond drilling; it is set with diamonds, and placed between the bit and the core barrel to maintain the gauge of the hole.
RECOVERY - The percentage of valuable metal in the ore that is recovered by metallurgical treatment.
ROCKBOLTING - The act of consolidating roof strata by means of anchoring and tensioning steel bolts in holes especially drilled for the purpose.
ROCK BURST - The sudden failure of walls or pillars in a mine caused by the weight of pressure of the surrounding rocks, and accompanied by a violent release of energy.
ROD MILL - A rotating cylindrical mill which employs steel rods as a grinding medium.
SAMPLE - A small portion of rock or mineral deposit, usually taken for the purpose of being assayed to determine possible content of valuable elements.
SHAFT - A vertical or inclined excavation for the purpose of opening and servicing a mine. It is usually equipped with a hoist at the top, which lowers and raises a conveyance for handling men and material.
SHAKER SCREEN - This screen filters out impurities in milling of gold.
SKIP - A self-dumping type of bucket used in a shaft for hoisting ore or rock.
SQUARE SET - A set of timbers used for support in underground mining, consisting of cap, girt and post.
STATION - An enlargement of a shaft made of the level horizon used primarily for the storage and handling of equipment.
STOCK PILE - Broken ore accumulated in a heap on the surface, pending treatment or shipment.
STOPE - An excavation in a mine from which ore is being or has been extracted.
SUMP - An excavation underground for the purpose of catching or storing water; the bottom of a shaft is commonly used for this purpose.
TAILINGS - Material rejected from a mill after the recoverable valuable minerals have been extracted.
TRAM - To haul cars of ore or waste in a mine.
TROY OUNCES - A type of measurement for gold. A troy is different than an ounce.
TUBE MILL - A piece of milling equipment consisting of a revolving cylinder half filled with steel rods or balls and into which crushed ore is fed for fine grinding; the material to be ground is mixed with water or other solution and comes out as a slurry.
TUNNEL - A horizontal underground passage that is open at both ends; the term is loosely applied in many cases to an adit, which is open at only one end.
VEIN - A fissure, fault or crack in a rock filled by minerals that have traveled upwards from some deep source.
WEDGE - As used in diamond drilling, refers to the placing of a wedge at some point in the hole for the purpose of deflecting the bit in another direction.
WINZE - A vertical or inclined opening sunk from a point inside a mine. Similar to a shaft, but the latter starts at the surface.
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